Here is a clear, exam-oriented explanation of every term shown in
your Community Medicine table. I’ll keep it crisp and high-yield for MBBS.
📌 Vital Statistics — Definitions (SRS 2023
values shown in your table)
1. Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
Definition:
Number of live births occurring in a year per 1000 mid-year
population.
Formula:
[
\text{CBR} = \frac{\text{Number of live births in a year}}{\text{Mid-year
population}} \times 1000
]
Interpretation:
Higher CBR = high fertility, often associated with low socioeconomic
development.
- India:
18.4
- Highest:
Bihar (25.8)
- Lowest:
Andaman & Nicobar (10.1)
2. Crude Death Rate (CDR)
Definition:
Number of deaths in a year per 1000 mid-year population.
Formula:
[
\text{CDR} = \frac{\text{Number of deaths in a year}}{\text{Mid-year
population}} \times 1000
]
Interpretation:
Reflects burden of disease, healthcare quality, and age structure.
- India:
6.4
- Highest:
Chhattisgarh (8.3)
- Lowest:
Chandigarh (4)
3. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
Definition:
Number of deaths of infants < 1 year per 1000 live births.
[
\text{IMR} = \frac{\text{Infant deaths (<1 year)}}{\text{Live births}}
\times 1000
]
Interpretation:
Best indicator of community health, maternal care, and healthcare system
strength.
- India:
25
- Highest:
Madhya Pradesh (37)
- Lowest:
Manipur (3)
4. Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
Definition:
Average number of children a woman will bear in her reproductive life (15–49
years).
Key Point:
Replacement-level fertility = 2.1
India’s TFR = 1.9 → below replacement level.
5. Natural Growth Rate (NGR)
Definition:
Difference between CBR and CDR.
[
\text{NGR} = \text{CBR} - \text{CDR}
]
Interpretation:
Represents natural population increase without migration.
- India:
12 per 1000 population
6. Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR)
Definition:
Number of maternal deaths during pregnancy, childbirth, or within 42
days of termination per 1,00,000 live births.
[
\text{MMR} = \frac{\text{Maternal deaths}}{\text{Live births}} \times 100,000
]
Interpretation:
Indicator of obstetric care quality.
- India:
88
- Highest:
Odisha (153)
- Lowest:
Kerala (30)
7. Neonatal Mortality Rate (NMR)
Definition:
Number of deaths within 0–28 days of birth per 1000 live births.
[
\text{NMR} = \frac{\text{Neonatal deaths}}{\text{Live births}} \times 1000
]
Interpretation:
Reflects perinatal care, birth practices, NICU services.
- India:
19
- Highest:
Madhya Pradesh (27)
- Lowest:
Kerala (4)
8. Life Expectancy at Birth
Definition:
Average number of years a baby born today is expected to live if current
mortality rates continue.
Values:
- Male: 69.7
years
- Female:
72.2 years
Why females live longer?
Biological advantage + lower risk behaviors + lower occupational hazards.
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